写作Chapter 3.doc

Chapter Three Writing Sentences 1. Building Simple Sentences 1.1 Simple sentence Simple sentences (independent clauses) are sentences with one subject-verb combination. A clause has a minimum of one subject-verb combination. 1.2 Constructing simple sentences Simple sentences conform to one of the five basic patterns. (1) Subject + Intransitive Verb (S+V) The most basic simple sentence consists of just a subject and a verb or verb phrase (the main verb plus all its auxiliary verbs). e.g. The price of gold rose. Stock prices may fall. Here the verbs rose and may fall are intransitive—that is, they do not need an object to complete their meaning. (2) Subject + Transitive Verb + Direct Object (S+V+DO) Another kind of simple sentence consists of the subject, a verb, and a direct object. e.g. Van Gogh created The Starry Night. Caroline saved Jake. Here the verbs created and saved are transitive---each requires an object to complete its meaning in the sentence. In each sentence, the direct object indicates where the verb’s action is directed and who or what is affected by it. (3) Subject+Transitive Verb+Direct Object + Object Complement (S+V+DO+OC) Some simple sentences include an object complement, a word or phrase that renames or describes the direct object. e.g. The class elected Bridget treasurer. I found the exam easy. (4) Subject + Linking Verb + Subject Complement (S+V+SC) Another kind of simple sentence consists of a subject, a linking verb (a verb that connects a subject to its complement), and the subject complement (the word or phrase that describes or renames the subject). e.g. The injection was painless. Tony Blair became prime minister. Note that the linking verb is like an equal sign, equating the subject with its complement (Tony Blair=prime minister). (5) Subject + Transitive Verb + Indirect Object + Direct Object (S+V+IO+DO) Some simple sentences include an indirect object, which indicates to whom or for whom the