英文课件 国际市场营销 chapter 02.pptVIP

GATT created as an agency to serve as watchdog over world trade and provide a process to reduce tariffs GATT also provided a mechanism to resolve trade disputes bilaterally It sets many rules governing trade between its 132 members WTO provides a panel of experts to hear and rule on trade disputes between members, and, unlike GATT, issues binding decisions p.29 IMF was created to assist nations in becoming and remaining economically viable (p.31-2) It assists countries that seek capital for economic development and restructuring IMF loans come with stipulations that borrowing countries slash spending and impose controls to curb inflation It helps maintain stability in the world financial markets lending money to countries to finance development projects in education, health, and infrastructure; providing assistance for projects to the poorest developing countries; lending directly to the private sector in developing countries with long-term loans, equity investments, and other financial assistance; provide investors with investment guarantees against “noncommercial risk,” so developing countries will attract FDI; and provide conciliation and arbitration of disputes between governments and foreign investors environmental concerns worker exploitation and domestic job losses cultural extinction higher oil prices, and diminished sovereignty of nations The globalization of markets The restructuring of Eastern Europe into independent market-driven economies The dissolution of the Soviet Union into independent states and The worldwide trend toward economic cooperation As a country develops, incomes change, population concentrations shift, expectations for a better life adjust to higher standards, new infrastructures evolve, and social capital investments are made Market behavior changes and eventually groups of consumers with common tastes and needs (i.e., market segments) arise When incomes rise, new demand is generated at all income levels for everything fro