c2英汉语言对比课件2.pptVIP

第二章英汉语言对比A Comparison between English and Chinese 第二部分 Part Two Procedures of today: Differences between English and Chinese syntax Differences between English and Chinese rhetoric Differences between English and Chinese discourse Exercises in class Assignments of today Differences between syntax: 形合与意合（hypotaxis and parataxis): 英汉两种语言最本质的区别 Hypotaxis: The dependent or subordinate construction or relationship of clauses with connectives, e.g. I shall despair if you don’t come. 形合指句中的词语或分句之间需要一种语言形式手段（如连词或关联词）连接起来，表达一定的语法意义和逻辑关系。 Parataxis: The juxtaposition of clauses or phrases without the use of coordinating or subordinating conjunctions, e.g. The rain fell; the river flooded; the houses were washed away. 意合指词语或分句之间不用语言形式手段进行连接，句中的语法意义和逻辑关系通过词语或分句的含义来表达。 Some more examples: That is our policy and that is our declaration. 这就是我们的国策。这就是我们的宣言。 发展体育运动，增强人民体质。 Promote physical culture, and build up People’s health. 东海缺少白玉床，龙王请来金陵王。 If the Dragon King wants a white jade bed, he applies to the Wangs of Jinling, it’s said. Differences between syntax: 形合与意合最典型的表现是英汉两种语言句子结构的不同 英语句子外形很严谨，重分析，强调形合；汉语句子外形较松散、自由，重意合、轻分析。 英语以主谓结构为主干，以谓语动词为中心，通过大量反映形式关系要素层层搭架，往往从句中套从句，形成的长句较多（tree structure）；汉语讲究炼句，忌冗长拖沓，重明晰舒缓。多个动词的连用使呈流水句式（bamboo structure）。(complex vs. simplex) 英语句子主次分明，汉语句子表现的信息从语法外形上主次不分，善用流水句。 (subject-prominent vs. topic-prominent) Strategies for syntax differences: 英语长句一般需打破源语结构，按汉语意合句法进行重组。英语中的许多词可以用汉语的动词来翻译，连接词有时可以不译。介词短语、定语从句和独立主格等在大多数情况下都被译为汉语的短语或分句。 汉译英的时候，需找出各个分句之间的逻辑关系。用英语的连接词表达汉语句子内含的语法关系；把汉语的分句特别是流水句归化为英语的名词、分词短语、定语从句、独立主格等；把汉语的众多动词分主次编排成英语的习惯表达，特别注意把一些汉语动词变为英语的名词、介词等等。 Some more examples: The moon is so far from the earth that even if huge trees were growing on the mountains and elephants were walking about, we could not see them through the most powerful telescopes which have yet been invented. (tree structure) 月球离地球非常遥远，即使那边山上长着大树，有大象在移动，我们用当今发明的最高倍率的望远镜，也不能看见它们。(bamboo structure) 文章做到极处，无有他奇，只有恰好；人品做到极处，无有他异，只有本然。 When a p