秋冬季呼吸系统常见疾病与治疗创新.pptVIP

The systemic component of COPD refers to the non-pulmonary consequences of COPD, which include systemic inflammation, poor nutritional status, reduced body mass index (BMI), impaired skeletal muscle and cardiovascular disease. All these factors contribute to the clinical characteristics and functional limitations evident with the disease.1 Several studies have shown that COPD is associated with systemic inflammation, including systemic oxidative stress, activation of circulating inflammatory cells and increased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines.2 Weight loss is recognised as a negative prog