测厚仪原理(中英对照).pptVIP

Disadvantages Isotope X-ray同位素和X射线的缺点 Isotope 同位素 Fixed optimum thickness 仅适合一定的厚度范围 Slower 响应慢 Poor signal/noise ratio 噪声较高 Small air gaps 气隙小 Limited control applications 应用受限制 Special licensing 要特殊许可证 X-ray X射线 Higher cost 费用高 More maintenance 维护要求高 Complex alloy correction (SuperCompPlus) 合金补偿复杂 More maintenance 维护要求高 Beam Hardening 射线管存在硬化现象 * This section describes the basic theory of how transmission thickness gauges work, how to select appropriate sources and detectors according to application, and how their performance can be optimized. * * * * * * * * * Theory of Transmission Gauging forThickness Measurementof Metals穿透式测厚仪测量原理 N Excited Electron Leaving Atom Vacancy is filled by an outer orbital electron with emission of characteristic X-rays Incident Photon X-ray Emission X-ray Fluorescens Generation Fluorescence Radiation Basic Structure of an X-Ray Tube The x-ray tube consists of two parts: The anode and the cathode X射线管由两部分组成：阳极和阴极 Due to the electrical field, electrons are emitted from the cathode and accelerated towards the anode. In order to assist in the emission of electrons, a filament in the cathode is heated. 灯丝被通电加热，产生大量的电子，在极间的高压作用下，释放出来的电子高速从阴极运动到阳极。 The electrons hit the anode at great speed. 该电子高速撞击阳极。 When the electrons collide with the anode material, x-rays are produced. 当电子碰撞阳极靶材，产生X射线。 Example: 100kV, 3mA = Tube power 300W,6W radiation power and 294W thermal losses. 6W辐射功率和294W以热量形式丧失。 Generating X-rays using an X-ray TubeX射线管产生的X射线 Basic Structure of an X-Ray Tube The anode must be cooled. The efficiency of an x-ray tube is around 1-2%. 阳极必须具备冷却，只有大约1-2%转化成X射线。 （1）X射线的穿透力（能量）取决于管电压。 （2）在管电压一定时，X射线的强度取决于管电流，管电流通过灯丝电流调节。 （3）管电压和管电流都必须稳定，才能确保检测的准确性。 X-ray control unit X-ray DRIVER CHASSIS X-ray SOURCE Glass tubes 玻璃管 Metal ceramic tubes 金属陶瓷管 Advantages 优点 Economical 经济 Advantages Small construction Robust Longer life Screening of th