1 汉英翻译 基础文化创新.pptVIP

 Ⅱ Chinese-English Translation Culture 2.1 文化的定义 Culture is a term that has many different related meanings. （REFERENCES: p.15） In the twentieth century, culture emerged as a concept central to anthropology, encompassing all human phenomena that are not purely results of human genetics. However，“culture” is most commonly used in three basic senses: Excellence of taste in the fine arts and humanities, also known as high culture； 2.1 文化的定义 本教材将文化定义为：文化是人类在社会历史发展过程中所创造的物质财富和精神财富的总和。（《现代汉语字典》第一条定义） 2.2 文化、语言与汉英翻译的关系 语言与文化密不可分，文化的差异可以通过语言反映出来。 一、自然条件的差异 汉语文化中，“东风”即“春天的风”，英国预示春天气息的却是西风。东风在中国文学作品中频繁出现，如：“东风夜放花千树”、“等闲识得东风面，万紫千红总是春”等。而东风在英国呢？例如： Biting east winds; a piercing east wind; how many winter days have I seen him, standing blue-nosed in the snow and east wind! 刺骨的东风/冬风；刺骨的东风/冬风；许多冬日我都看见他哆嗦地/冻的发紫地站立在风雪中。 可见东风在英国是刺骨的寒风。西风在英国为暖风，代表春天的来临。 再如，英国是一个岛国，渔业和航海业发达，看以下词语： waste money like water 花钱如流水 fish in the air 水中捞月 have other fish to fry 另有要事/另有企图 drink like a fish 牛饮 a cold fish 冷漠的人 All is fish that comes to one’s net. 凡能到手的都要 You can’t make a crab walk straight. 江山易改，本性难移。 She sailed through the hall. 她自由自在地走过大厅。 二、习俗的差异 汉英习俗的差异是多方面的。如对狗的态度：狗在汉语文化中是一种卑微的动物，与狗相关得表达一般含有贬义，如： 走狗 running dogs 狗腿子 pawn; henchman 狗仗人势 like a dog threatening people on the strength of its master‘s power -- be a bully under the protection of a powerful person; A dog bites on the strength of his master’s position 狗眼看人低 act like a snob 狼心狗肺 be as cruel as a wolf; cruel and unscrupulous; brutal and cold-blooded; completely without conscience 英语文化中人们则欣赏狗的勇敢和忠诚，如“a lucky dog(幸运儿)”、“Love me, love my dog(爱屋及乌)”、“Every dog has his day(凡人皆有得意日)”等。 但随着文化交流的深入，很多文化元素得到了融合，比如“马”，汉语中马有迅速、力量的意思。如成语“快马加鞭”、“马不停蹄”。西方人爱赌马, 有赛马这项比赛, 与马相关的短语也有很多： a willing horse 肯干的人 to work like a horse 努力工作，在汉语里马也经常比喻为吃苦耐劳的象征。