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Learning to Find Relevant Biological Articles Without Negative Training Examples Keith Noto, Milton H. Saier Jr., and Charles Elkan University of California, La Jolla CA 92093 knoto@,msaier@,elkan@ Abstract. Classifiers are traditionally learned using sets of positive and negative training examples. However, often a classifier is required, but for training only an incomplete set of positive examples and a set of unla- beled examples are available. This is the situation, for example, with the Transport Classification Database (TCDB, ), a repository of information about proteins involved in transmembrane transport. This paper presents and evaluates a method for learning to rank the likely rel- evance to TCDB of newly published scientific articles, using the articles currently referenced in TCDB as positive training examples. The new method has succeeded in identifying 964 new articles relevant to TCDB in fewer than six months, which is a major practical success. From a general data mining perspective, the contributions of this paper are (i) devising and evaluating two novel approaches that solve the positive-only problem effectively, (ii) applying support vector machines in a state-of- the-art way for recognizing and ranking relevance, and (iii) deploying a system to update a widely-used, real-world biomedical database. Sup- plementary information including all data sets are publicly available at /users/knoto/pub/ajcai08. 1 Introduction The transport classification database, or TCDB (), is an online database which contains sequence, structural, and functional information about proteins that relate to transport across cell membranes in a variety of organ-