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mobile payments go viral strongmstrong‐pesa in kenya - world bank
Mobile Payments go Viral:
M‐PESA in Kenya
1
Ignacio Mas and Dan Radcliffe, Bill Melinda Gates Foundation
March 2010
Abstract
M‐PESA is a small‐value electronic payment and store of value system that is accessible from ordinary
mobile phones. It has seen exceptional growth since its introduction by mobile phone operator
Safaricom in Kenya in March 2007: it has already been adopted by 9 million customers (corresponding to
40% of Kenya’s adult population) and processes more transactions domestically than Western Union
does globally. M‐PESA’s market success can be interpreted as the interplay of three sets of factors: (i)
pre‐existing country conditions that made Kenya a conducive environment for a successful mobile
money deployment; (ii) a clever service design that facilitated rapid adoption and early capturing of
network effects; and (iii) a business execution strategy that helped M‐PESA rapidly reach a critical mass
of customers, thereby avoiding the adverse chicken‐and‐egg (two‐sided market) problems that afflict
new payment systems.
2
1. MPESA in a Nutshell
M‐PESA was developed by mobile phone operator Vodafone and launched commercially by its Kenyan
affiliate Safaricom in March 2007. M‐PESA (“M” for mobile and “PESA” for money in Swahili) is an
electronic payment and store of value system that is accessible through mobile phones. To access the
service, customers must first register at an authorized M‐PESA retail outlet. They are then assigned an
individual electronic money account that is linked to their phone number and accessible through
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