a soliton hierarchy associated with：在等级相关与孤子.pdfVIP

Applied Mathematics and Computation 220 (2013) 117–122 Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect Applied Mathematics and Computation journal homepage: /locate/amc A soliton hierarchy associated with so ð3; RÞ Wen-Xiu Ma Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620-5700, USA a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t Keywords: We generate a hierarchy of soliton equations from zero curvature equations associated Zero curvature equation with the real Lie algebra soð3; RÞ and show that each equation in the resulting hierarchy Recursion operator has a bi-Hamiltonian structure and thus integrable in the Liouville sense. Hamiltonian structure 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 1. Introduction Zero curvature equations on simple Lie algebras lay the foundation for constructing soliton hierarchies of evolution equa- tions. Among the well-known soliton hierarchies are the KdV hierarchy, the AKNS hierarchy and the Kaup–Newell hierarchy [1]. The trace identity is used to construct Hamiltonian structures of soliton equations [2]. More generally, zero curvature equations associated with non-simple Lie algebras generate integrable couplings [3,4], and the variational identity provides the basic tool for finding the corresponding Hamiltonian structures, which often lead to hereditary recursion operators [5,6]. Let us first recall the standard procedure for constructing soliton hierarchies (see, e.g., [2,7]). Usually, one starts from a spectral problem ~ /x ¼ U/; U ¼ Uðu; kÞ 2 g;