Architectural Support for Scalable strongSpeculativestrong Parallelization.pptVIP

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * CS4/MSc Parallel Architectures - 2009-2010 Interconnection Networks 3 Characterizing Interconnects Topology: the “shape” or structure of the interconnect (e.g., buses, meshes, hypercubes, butterflies, etc) Direct networks: each host+NC connects directly to other hosts+NCs Indirect networks: hosts+NCs connect to a subset of the switches, which are then the entry points to the network and are themselves connected to other internal switches Routing algorithm: the rules and mechanisms for routing messages Dynamic: route from a given A to B may change at different times Static: route from a given A to B is fixed Switching strategy: how exchange of messages is set up Circuit switching: route and connection from source to destination is established and fixed before communication (e.g., like telephone calls) Packet switching: each part of the communication (packet) is handled separately Flow control mechanism: how traffic flow under conflict and/or congestion is handled CS4/MSc Parallel Architectures - 2009-2010 Interconnection Networks 4 Terminology: Link: the physical connection between two hosts/switches Channel: a logical connection between two hosts/switches that are connected with a link (multiple channels may be multiplexed into a single link) Degree of a switch: the number of input/output channels Simplex channel: communication can only happen in one direction Duplex channel: communication can happen in both directions Phit: the smallest physical unit of data that can be transferred in a unit of time over a link Flit: the smallest unit of data that can be exchanged between two hosts/switches (1 flit ≥ 1 phit) Hop: each step between two adjacent hosts/switches Permutations: