01 密码学导论.pptVIP

信息安全（01） Introduction to Cryptography -Classical Encryption Techniques 故事是这样开始的…… 问题：通信保密 Confidentiality，机密性，保密性 古人的智慧 羊皮传书 藏头诗 Caesar 羊皮传书 古希腊的斯巴达人将一条1厘米宽、20厘米左右长的羊皮带，以螺旋状绕在一根特定粗细的木棍上 藏头诗 明才子唐伯虎： 我爱兰江水悠悠，爱晚亭上枫叶稠。 秋月溶溶照佛寺，香烟袅袅绕经楼。 明朝解缙祝某宰相寿辰进诗 ： 真真宰相,老老元臣,乌纱戴顶,龟鹤遐林. 粗看密文”,浑然诗句,颂扬兼祝愿,福禄寿全有;细究则密语藏头,挖苦带讽刺,诅咒真老乌龟” Caesar Cipher earliest known substitution cipher by Julius Caesar first attested use in military affairs example: meet me after the toga party PHHW PH DIWHU WKH WRJD SDUWB Caesar Cipher Exercise Terminologies plaintext - the original message ciphertext - the coded message cipher - algorithm for transforming plaintext to ciphertext key - info used in cipher known only to sender/receiver encipher (encrypt) - converting plaintext to ciphertext decipher (decrypt) - recovering plaintext from ciphertext Terminologies (cont.) cryptography - study of encryption principles/methods cryptanalysis (codebreaking) - the study of principles/ methods of deciphering ciphertext without knowing key cryptology - the field of both cryptography and cryptanalysis Symmetric Cipher Model Definition A cryptosystem is a 5-tuple (E, D, p, K, C), where p is the set of plaintexts, K the set of keys, C is the set of cipher texts, E: M×K?C is the set of Encryption algorithms, D: C×K?M is the set of Decryption algorithms. 三个古典系统的再讨论 Caesar 羊皮传书 藏头诗 Caesar Cipher meet me after the toga party PHHW PH DIWHU WKH WRJD SDUWB p, C, K, E, D? Caesar Cipher can define transformation as: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z A B C mathematically give each letter a number a b c d e f g h i j k l m 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 n o p q r s t u v w x y Z 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 then have Caesar cipher as: C = E(p) = (p + k) mod (26) p = D(C) = (C – k) mod (26) 羊皮传书 E, D, p, C, K? 藏头诗 真真宰相,老老元臣,乌纱戴顶,龟鹤遐林. E, D, p, C, K? 全诗为密文”,其密钥”是每句诗的首字,可串接成义,作者的真意就隐藏在诗句的首字串接文(明文”)中. Steganography，隐写术 Re