浙江大学大学物理甲下 chapter 29.pptVIP

* Chapter 29 The Electrical Properties of Materials Chapter 29 The Electrical Properties of Materials 29-1 Types of Materials 1. Conductors Conductors (including most metals) are materials in which electric charges readily flow. In conductors, each atom gives up one or more of its valence electrons to the entire material, which are free to move when an external electric field is applied to the material. gas of electrons 2. Insulators In a insulator, the electrons are bound rather tightly to the atoms and are not free to move under the applied electric fields. An insulator can carry any distribution of electric charges on its surface or in its interior. The electric field in the interior of an insulator can have nonzero value. An insulator can be regarded as a collection of molecules that are not easily ionized. 3. Semiconductors In a semiconductor, perhaps one atom in 1010 to 1012 might contribute an electron to the flow of electricity (electric current) in the material. Understanding the behaviors of semiconductors requires the knowledge of Quantum Mechanics. Semiconductors have played an important role in modern electronic technology. Commonly used semiconductors include silicon, germanium and lots of compounds. 4. Superconductors Under certain conditions, often involving cooling to very low temperatures, electric charge can flow through some material with no resistance at all . The materials under these conditions are called superconductors. Understanding superconductivity does also need Quantum Mechanics. 29-2 A Conductor in an Electric Field ( Static Conditions ) The content in this section is only a review. Suppose we place a rectangular slab of a conductor in a uniform electric field E0, 1.The electric field is zero at any point inside a conductor in electrostatic equilibrium. The conductor becomes an equipotential, and its surfaces become equipotential surfaces. 2.Whe