比较基因组学-.ppt

Xiaofang Xie E-mail:xxf317@ Some well-known model organisms Escherichia coli — model prokaryote Saccharomyces cerevisiae (baker’s yeast) — model unicellular eukaryote Caenorhabditis elegans (nematode) — an excellent model for multicellular developmental biology Drosophila melanogaster (fruit fly) — model insect Danio rerio (zebrafish) — a good model for vertebrate developmental biology Mus musculus (mouse) — model mammal, important for the study of human genome Arabidopsis thaliana (thale cress ) — model dicot plant Oryza sativa (rice) — model cereal and monocot plant What the genomes of model organisms tell us Human genes mapped onto mouse chromosomes 内容提要 1、比较基因组学的定义和研究意义 2、比较基因组学常用的基本概念 3、比较基因组学研究的方法和相关研究 4、相关研究论文简介 Similarity vs. Homology (相似性与同源性) Similarity: a phenomenon that different genes or genome segments show similar sequences. Homology: a phenomenon that different genes or genome segments have the same ancestor. 相似性与同源性 Ortholog vs. Paralog Ortholog（直向同源物）: homologous genes or DNA sequences in different genomes (species) Paralog（横向同源物）: homologous genes or DNA sequences in the same genome (species) Colinearity vs. Synteny Colinearity: conservation of gene content and order in different genomes, which is a reflection of homology Synteny: conserved linkage among genes in different genomes regardless of order macrosynteny vs. microsynteny 共线性与同线性 共线性（Colinearity）在不同的基因组中基因和基因的排列顺序的一致性称为共线性，它反应了一种同源关系。 同线性（synteny） 连锁的同源基因在不同物种基因组中有相同连锁关系。 宏观共线性和微观共线性 宏观共线性（macrosynteny） ： 指遗传连锁图上锚定标记排列次序的一致性。 微观共线性(microsynteny) ： 是指物理图上基因顺序的一致排列。 Approaches for genome comparison Genome comparison is to identify the homologous sequences among different genomes. Two methods can be used for this purpose: Hybridization-based comparison: using Southern hybridization to identify homologous sequences. Sequence-based comparison: using computer to identify homologous sequences. Hybridization-based comparison Use the same set of DNA probes to locate orth