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Reading aloud and the question of intent Reading aloud and the question of intentShannon O?Malleya,?, Derek BesnerbaDépartement de Psychologie, Université de Montréal, CanadabCognition and Perception Unit (CPU), Psychology Department, University of Waterloo, Canadaa r t i c l ei n f oArticle history:Received 13 December 2011Available online 4 August 2012Keywords:IntentionContextReading alouda b s t r a c tMust readers intend to process a word to activate various levels of representation, or is suchprocessing simply triggered by the presentation of a word (i.e., is it 憫aautomatic拻u)? Thisissue was addressed via the use of Besner and Care?s Task Set paradigm. On each trial acue, which indicated which of two tasks to perform appeared either before the target, orat the same time as the target. If subjects can process the target while preparing a taskset, then the effect of a manipulated psycholinguistic factor should be absorbed into thetime taken to process the cue. Despite robust main effects of SOA and word frequency therewas no interaction between these factors when the task was to read aloud. This resultimplies that target processing is delayed until the subject knows what task to perform,and therefore that intention plays an important role when reading words aloud.? 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.1. IntroductionWhen a word is presented at fixation, must skilled readers intend to read the word in order for it to be identified? Amongmany others (e.g., see Ashcraft amp; Klein, 2011), Brown, Gore, and Carr (2002) provide what is now the received answer to thisquestion: Visual word recognition is憫 largely obligatory, in the sense that lexical processing is initiated by the presence of a word in the visual field, and largelyautonomous, in the sense that once processing is initiated, lexical representations become sufficiently activated to influ-ence decision and action.拻a (p. 236).In short, the mere presentation of the stimulus triggers processing. Br