细胞凋亡(12级英文班)1127要点.pptVIP

A comparison of normal and apoptotic cells 核浓缩、核膜皱缩 凋亡小体（A）透射电镜 （B）扫描电镜 Biochemical change of apoptosis down regulation of Bcl-2 proteins activation of caspases cleavage of the DNA repair enzyme PARP the release of cytochrome C from mitochondria the translocation of phosphatidylserine(磷脂酰丝氨酸) from the inner endogenous endonuclease(核内切酶) release promoting DNA degradation ATP is needed DNA ladder The activation of specific endonuclease leads to dissection of chromatin into 180-200bp DNA ladder along the consecutive nucleosomes Biological significance of apoptosis Apoptosis is important in maintaining homeostasis in multicellular organisms and failure to regulate apoptosis can result in serious damage to the organism. Histogenesis during individual development Tumor surveillance (elimination of the cells that have sustained irreparable genomic damage) Function of the immune system (elimination of the T lymphocytes that possess receptors capable of binding tightly to normal cells within the body) Involvement in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and Huntington’s disease. Sculpting the digits in the developing mouse paw by apoptosis The role of survival factors and cell death in adjusting the number of developing nerve cells to the amount of target cells Comparison of cell necrosis and apoptosis In contrast to apoptosis, necrotic cells that die in response to tissue damage swell and burst, releasing their intracellular contents, which can damage surrounding cells and frequently cause inflammation. Apoptosis vs Necrosis Apoptosis Necrosis Causes Lack of growh factors Hormonal influences Mild toxic influences Anoxia Physical damage Chemical damage First apparent cellular changes Shrinking, Convolution Swelling Nuclear changes Condensation, segmentation DNA fragmentation — Cell membrane changes Surface protrusions, budding Changes in phosphatidyl-serine disruption — Mitochondrial changes — Swelling