英语教法发展及分类.ppt

English Language Teaching Methodology  Practice and Theory Structural View : It sees language as a linguistic system made up of various subsystem : from phonological, morphological, lexical, etc. to sentence . Each language has a finite number of such structural items. To learn a language means to learn these structural items so a s to be able to understand and produce language . Interactional View : It consider language as a communicative tool , whose main use is to build up and maintain social relations between people. Therefore , learners not only need to know the grammar and vocabulary of the language , but also need to know the rules for using them in a whole range of communicative context. III. Views on language learning 1) What are the psycholinguistic and cognitive process involved in language learning ? 2) What are the conditions that need to be met in order for these learning process to be activated ? ---learning as habit formation Language is also a form of behaviour. It can be learned the same way as an animal is trained to respond to stimuli. Cognitive theory (认知主义学习理论） The term cognitivism is often used to describe method in which students are asked to think rather than simply repeat. Why are practice and reflection connected by a circle? The teachers reflect on their work not only after they finish a certain period of practice, but while they are doing the practice. And the most difficult thing to do is to keep on reflecting on their work when teachers are doing practice in the real work sense. After some period of practice and reflection, a teacher matures and approaches the goal. But this goal is “ a moving target or horizon, toward which professionals travel all their professional life but which is never finally attained. Stage 3 : Goal---professional competence Constructivist theory（建构主义学习理论） Learning is a complex cognitive process in which the learner constructs meaning based on his or her own experie