princ-ch02 经济学家思考.pptVIP

内容提要 像所有科学家一样，经济学家做出适当的假设并建立模型，以便用来解释我们周围的世界 两个简单的模型是循环流量图和生产可能性边界 作为政策顾问，经济学家提供增进世界福利的建议 * Besides introducing students to the economic way of thinking, this chapter introduces the Production Possibilities Frontier, the first of many graphs covered in the textbook. The PPF will be used extensively in Chapter 3 (Interdependence and the Gains from Trade). It would be helpful to ask your students to bring calculators to class on the day you cover this chapter (as well as Chapter 3). * The “definition” of capital shown on this slide (“buildings and machines”) is the same that appears in the corresponding section of the chapter. A more formal definition will be provided in subsequent chapters. * This and the following slide build the Circular-Flow Diagram piece by piece. * Suggestion: Show first row. Explain how we get the production numbers from the employment numbers. Then, show the rest of the employment numbers, and give students 3 minutes to compute the production numbers for each employment allocation. * Here, the “rise” is a negative number, because, as you move to the right, the line falls (meaning wheat output is reduced). Moving to the right involves shifting resources from the production of wheat (which causes wheat output to fall) to the production of computers (which causes computer production to rise). Producing an additional computer requires the resources that would otherwise produce 10 tons of wheat. This exercise reinforces the material on the preceding slide. It is especially useful if you plan to cover Chapter 3 (Interdependence and the Gains from Trade) after completing Chapter 2. There are two ways to get the answer. The hard way is to compute the slope of both PPFs. The slope of France’s PPF equals -600/300 = -2, meaning that France must give up two units of wine to get an additional unit of cloth. The slope of England’s PPF = -200/300 = -2/3, meaning that England only must sacrifice 2/3 of a unit of wine to get an