3.NuclearMagneticResonanceSpectra.pptVIP

3. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectra NMR is a spectroscopy method which is even more important to the organic chemist than infrared spectroscopy. Infrared spectroscopy reveals the types of functional groups present in molecules, NMR gives information about the number of magnetically distinct atoms of types being studied. The combination of IR and NMR data is often sufficient to determine completely the structure of an unknown molecule. 1945 E. M. Purcell in Harvard University F. Bloch in Stanford University won 1952 Nobel Physical 1992 Prof. R.R. Ernst won Nobel chemistry Prize ( 2D-NMR Fourier Transform NMR) Now HPLC-NMR High-sensitivity superconducting probes (HNMR CNMR will be discuss in this section ) 1. Basic Concept for Nuclear Magnetic Resonance A. Nuclear Spin States Many atomic nuclei have a property called spin: the nuclei behave as if they were spinning. In fact, any atomic nucleus which possesses either odd mass, odd atomic number, or both has a quantized spin angular momentum and a magnetic moment. For each nucleus with spin, the number of allowed spin states it may adopt is quantized and is determined by its nuclear spin quantum number, I. There are 2I+1 allowed spin states with integral differences ranging from +I to –I. The individual spin states fit into the sequence +I, (I-1), (-I+1),-I For instance, a proton (hydrogen nucleus) has the spin quantum number I=1/2 and has two allowed spin states [2(1/2)+1=2] for its nucleus: -1/2 and +1/2 Spin quantum Numbers of Some Common Nuclei Problem: No Applied Magnetic field,How about the energy of spin states? In the absence of an applied magnetic field, all the spin states of a given nucleus are of equivalent energy (degenerate), and in a collection of atoms, all of the spin states should be almost equally populated, with the same of atoms having each of the allowed spins. When the Applied is employed, the nucleus has a magnetic moment,