第八章纹理-Read.ppt

* 视觉与智能系统实验室 * 第八章 纹 理 A typical textured image.For materials such as brush, grass, foliage and water, our perception of what the material is is quite intimately related to the texture. Brick Brick Stone 8.1 概 述 (1) 纹理定义： 纹理是指图像强度局部变化的重复模式。 Texture tells us information about spatial arrangement of the colors or intensities in an image. 描述性定义： Firstly, views of large numbers of small objects are often best thought of as textures. Secondly, many surfaces are marked with orderly patterns that look like large numbers of small objects. 纹理元（texel） 由地板砖构成的地板纹理示意图 (a)远距离观察时的纹理图像；(b)近距离观察时的纹理图像 Texture is a phenomenon that is widespread, easy to recognize and hard to define. (2) 纹理尺度 Typically, whether an effect is referred to as texture or not depends on the scale at which it is viewed. A leaf that occupies most of an image is an object,but the foliage of a tree is a texture. (3) 纹理问题 对机器视觉来说，纹理是为了分割和识别场景或物体表面类型而产生的一种视觉标记. 纹理分析包含有三个主要问题： 纹理分类 从给定的一组纹理集中识别给定的纹理区域。 纹理分割 自动确定图像中各种纹理区域之间的边界。 从纹理恢复形状 透视投影产生的纹理模式来确定物体的三维形状。 Texture synthesis seeks to construct large regions of texture from small example mages.We do this by using the example images to build probability models of the texture,and then drawing on the probability model to obtain textured images. (4) 纹理分析算法分为两大类: 统计分析 纹理基元小/微纹理 Statistical analysis: Texture is a quantitative measure of the arrangement of intensities in a region. 结构分析 大纹理基元 Structural analysis : Texture is a set of primitive texels in some regular or repeated relationship. 一幅具有三个灰度级的图像 (1) 灰度级同现矩阵(gray-level co-occurrence matrix)P[i,j] 一个二维相关矩阵: 规定一个位移矢量d=(dx,dy) 计算被d分开且具有灰度级i和j的所有像素对数 举例 灰度级同现矩阵，距离向量为d(1,1) 8.2 纹理分析统计方法 0 1 2 i (a)棋格图像 (b)距离为d=(1,1)的灰度级同现矩阵 (c)距离为d=(1,0)的灰度级同现矩阵 (a) (b) (c) 规范化同现矩阵N[i,j] 用于测量灰度级分布随机性的一种特征参数叫做熵，定义为： 注意：当矩阵的所有项皆为零时熵值最高．这样的