101S113_AA09L01.pptVIP

3.物理學中的原因 三角形的特例：Not all four, however, are always appropriate; the (universal) triangle, for example, has a formal cause, stating its definition, but no efficient cause, since it does not come into being, and no final cause, since it is not made to promote any goal or end. * * 3.物理學中的原因 A hammer’s form and essence is a capacity to hammer nails into wood. The hammer was designed to have this capacity for performing this function; and if this had not been its function, it would not have been made in the way it was, to have the properties it has. * * 3.物理學中的原因 形式因為指出功能而解釋存在的原因。 The form includes the final cause, by specifying the functions that explain why the hammer is made as it is. * * 3.物理學中的原因 對於自然存有物而言，形式因解釋其所有的功能，也構成其存在的目的。 The parts of an organism seem to perform functions that benefit the whole (the heart pumps blood, the senses convey useful information). * * 3.物理學中的原因 形式本身反過來由事物的行為所決定，因為這些行為都是以實現目的因為主。 The form of an organism is determined by the pattern of activity that contains the final causes of its different vital processes. * 3.物理學中的原因 所以，對於亞氏而言，形式與材質都對於存在扮演了重要角色。 Hence Aristotle believes that form as well as matter plays a causal role in natural organisms. * * 3.物理學中的原因 亞氏的融貫系統中，解釋這些並不是他所需要證成的部分；它們都是預設的。 He does not say, for instance, either(1) that organisms are the products of intelligent design (as Plato and the Stoics believe), or (2) that they are the outcome of a process of evolution. * * 3.物理學中的原因 Aristotle does not say much more than what he considered to be ‘causal explanation’. He looks into the nature of things by offering a coherent explanation without further ado. Further ado would cause the bifurcation of creationism and evolutionism. * * 4. 從潛在到實現的轉變 自然就是因內在原則（形式」而轉變。這是一個從潛在到實現的過程。 Aristotle studies nature as an internal principle of change and stability; and so he examines the different types of change (or ‘motion’; kinēsis) 。 * * 4. 從潛在到實現的轉變 His definition marks the importance of his views on potentiality (or ‘capacity