临床前课程概论：绪言 introduction to preclinical courses课件.pptVIP

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Brain herniation （脑疝）types： 1) The brain squeezes under the falx cerebri in cingulate herniation 2) The brainstem herniates caudally 3) The uncus and the hippocampal gyrus herniate into the tentorial notch 4)The cerebellar tonsils herniate through the foramen magnum in tonsillar herniation. Illustration of the Parkinson disease by Sir William Richard Gowers from A Manual of Diseases of the Nervous System in 1886 Dopaminergic pathways of the human brain in normal condition (left) and Parkinsons disease (right). Red Arrows indicate suppression of the target, blue arrows indicate stimulation of target structure. 病理学Pathology 病理学是研究疾病的病因、发病机制、病理变化、结局和转归的医学基础学科（卫生部规划教材《病理学》，李玉林主编） Pathology (from Greek π?θο?, pathos, fate, harm; and -λογ?α, -logia) is the study and diagnosis of disease through examination of organs, tissues, bodily fluids and whole bodies (Autopsy). The term also encompasses the related scientific study of disease processes, called General pathology. （Wikipedia） The medical science, and specialty practice, concerned with all aspects of disease, but with special reference to the essential nature, causes, and development of abnormal conditions, as well as the structural and functional changes that result from the disease processes. （） A renal cell carcinoma (chromophobe type) viewed on a hematoxylin eosin stained slide This mastectomy specimen contains an infiltrating ductal carcinoma of the breast. A pathologist will use immunohistochemistry and fluorescent in-situ hybridization to detect markers which determine the optimal chemotherapy regimen for this patient. Adenocarcinoma, colon, gross pathology Rheumatic heart disease, gross pathology Aortic stenosis rheumatic, gross pathology Neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis, gross pathology 药理学Pharmacology 药理学是研究药物与机体（含病原体）相互作用及作用规律的学科（卫生部规划教材《药理学》，杨宝峰主编） Pharmacol