soapmaking实验报告.docVIP

Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, China West Normal University The report on chemical experiment Experiment: Soap making Course: Fine Chemicals Experiments Student: Manli Mao 2011 Grade 3 Class Student ID: 22 Position: Instructor: Xiaohui Jiang Date: 2 Month 27 Day 2014 Year Objectives: 1、To understand the usage of soap in cleaning. 2、To understand the chemistry in the preparation of soap. 3、To grasp the principle of detergency by soap. Principle: 1、Soaps are prepared by the alkaline hydrolysis of fats and oils. This process is known as saponification. 2、soap becomes ineffective in hard water 3、in an acidic solution, soap is converted to free fatty acid where R, R and R represent the long hydrocarbon chains of fatty acids. Long chain fatty acids are found in combination with glycerol as the triglycerides which form the basis of animal fats and vegetable oils. In soap and surfactant chemistry the C12 to C18 fatty acids are the important ones. Some of the fatty acids are saturated, and others are unsaturated with carbon-carbon double bonds. Important natural fatty acids in soaps and other surfactants are: A. Saturated hydrocarbon chains C12 lauric (dodecyl) CH3(CH2)10COOH C14 myristic （肉豆蔻的） (tetradecyl) CH3(CH2)12COOH C16 cetyl (hexadecyl) CH3(CH2)14COOH C18 stearic (octadecyl) CH3(CH2)16COOH B. Unsaturated hydrocarbon chains C18 one double bond Oleic(油酸), cis-9-octadecenoic C18 two double bonds linoleic（亚油酸，亚麻酸）, cis,cis-9,12-octadecadienoic When the triglycerides are heated in the presence of alkali they undergo hydrolysis of the ester linkage followed by formation of the alkali metal salt of the fatty acids in a process known as saponification. Use of sodium hydroxide as the alkali produces a hard soap whereas potassium hydroxide gives a soft soap. Other soaps in which the fatty acid is neutralized with different bases to give, for ex