农村公共基础设施服务的私人供给：补贴的竞争 毕业论文外文翻译.docVIP

外文翻译 原文： Private Provision of Rural Infrastructure Services: Competing for Subsidies By Bj?rn Wellenius, Vivien Foster, and Christina Malmberg-Calvo Three billion people live in rural areas worldwide and many lack communication, electricity, water, sanitation, and transportation services that are deemed essential for economic development and directly impact the quality of life. Monopoly provision ,inmost countries by the public sector, often leads to high investment and running costs,　weak operation and maintenance　,and limited responsiveness to local needs.　Market　distortions,　government intervention,　and hidden subsidies fail to promote efficient use of　resources to meet social objectives　,effectively target the poor,　account for costs and　benefits　,or reduce dependence on subsidies. Market-oriented economic reforms have opened the way to more effective solutions for　infrastructure services based on private sector provision,　cost recovery through tariffs,　increasingly competitive markets,　and regulation where sufficient competition does not　materialize.　These reforms aim at accelerating service growth and innovation　,making　production more efficient,　and increasing responsiveness to differing user needs and payment capabilities. Gaps typically remain　,however,　between what service providers are prepared to do　solely on commercial grounds and what governments consider necessary from broader　development perspectives.　Many rural areas and,　to a lesser extent,　low-income urban　areas,　continue to be excluded. Subsidies may be justified to narrow these gaps.　Loosely speaking,　a subsidy exists when　the costs incurred in supplying a service are not fully recovered from the revenues raised　by selling this service,　the difference being met by other customers in the same or related　industries or by governments(Wad　dams Price 2000).The economic rationale for　subsidy is based on the existence of consumption and production externalities,　network　externalities,　and scale economi