6Experiment1CryoscopicDeterminationofMolarMass.docVIP

Experiment 1 Cryoscopic Determination of Molar Mass 1. Objectives 1.1 To determine the depression of the freezing point by a solute and to calculate its molecular weight. 1.2 To learn the principle and usage of the SWC-Ⅱ digital precision thermometer 2. Introduction When involatile substance is dissolved in a given liquid solvent, the vapor of the solvent is always lower than that of pure solvent, which beget the freezing point lowering, boiling point elevation and osmotic pressure. This phenomenon constitutes a so-called colligative property of the substance(a property depends in its magnitude primarily on the number of moles of the substance that are present in relation to a given amount of solvent. The involatile substance is added to the pure solvent to form the binary solution. If and are the freezing points of pure solvent and solution respectively, when chemical potential energy of solid pure solvent equates the chemical potential energy of the solvent in solution , the dilute solution is considered soliding . Thus The equation would be rewritten as Where: ΔGm is the change of mole gibbs energy of the solidification of pure solvent. Differential the formula gives Where: ΔfusHm is molar enthalpy of fusion of the pure solvent. Integral above equation, then Where: is equal to approximately, ΔfusHm could be considered as the constant If (Tf = Tf*-Tf，Tf*Tf((Tf*)2，in dilute solution , x2 is small, open the logarithm: thus： 　　　 　　　　　　　(1-1) where :Tf* - freezing temperature of the pure solvent, K; Tf - freezing temperature of the solution; (Tf -observed freezing point depression, ΔfHm- molar enthalpy of fusion of the solvent, J/mol; nA –the quantity of solvent, mol; nB-the quantity of solute; For very dilute solutions ,the nA is much greater than nB , relationship reduces to 　 　　(1-2) Where: MA-the solute’s molar mass kg/mol; mB-the molality of solution, mol/kg; Kf -molar freezing point depression constant, K(mol-1(kg. The molality of