第1讲 断裂力学导论.ppt

断裂力学 Griffith关于裂纹的经典分析； 1940s-1950s开始，源自舰船和航空航天需求； 1960s～80s迅速发展，在工业界普及； 1980s后，学科研究相对成熟，大量行业标准建立，从学术研究走向实用； 发展趋势：新材料、新应用、新方法、新现象的科研方向： 断裂力学与损伤力学； 新材料：非金属、岩石混凝土、复合材料、生物材料、非晶金属和纳米材料断裂力学； 新领域：地质力学和地震、材料和界面、薄膜； 爆炸与冲击动力学领域的应用：动态断裂、绝热剪切、层裂、碎裂； 断裂力学和断裂物理。 END 断裂力学 第一讲 导论： 什么是断裂力学？ 断裂力学研究什么？ 断裂力学和材料力学有什么联系和区别？ 从强度理论到断裂理论 断裂力学和破坏力学（failure )之间的关系 断裂力学 从材料力学、弹性力学发展起来 固体力学中最活跃的研究领域 实用性：大量的工程应用要求研究材料破坏； 跨学科：力学、材料、物理、环境、分析计算方法、测试技术； 科学、工程结合 形形色色的断裂现象 疲劳断裂 脆性断裂 断裂的扳手 韧性试件的断裂 Liberty Ships in WWII Facts on Liberty Ships There were 2,751 Liberty Ships manufactured between 1941-1945. Cracks propagated in 400 of these ships including 145 catastrophic failures; only 2 exist today which are sea-worthy. The hulls of Liberty Ships fractured without warning, mainly in the North Atlantic. These are the first ships mass produced with welds. The low temperatures of the North Atlantic caused the steel to be brittle. Fractures occurred mainly in the vicinity of stress raisers. The problem may be prevented by employing higher quality steels and improvement of the design of the ship. The Aloha Boeing 737 Accident On April 28, 1988, part of the fuselage of a Boeing 737 failed after 19 years of service. The failure was caused by fatigue (multi-site damage). The Aloha Boeing 737 Accident 一个不断发展的学科： 强度问题、裂纹问题、断裂问题、疲劳、损伤、分析和规范、结构完整性问题 ，等等 损伤分布 与裂纹共生的结构 工程问题: 结构承载能力 (Structural safety and integrity). 结构承载时间 (Durability). 结构可信度 (Reliability). 安全性评估 (Confidence level). 经济问题: 建造成本和获取手段 (capital or acquisition cost); 运行代价 (operational cost)，废弃代价(disposal/recycling cost) 成本优化和使用寿命优化 (Optimize capital costs and life cycle cost) 结构完整性和寿命评估系统 从强度理论到裂纹力学 应力状态和主应力参数 强度函数 Some Criteria predict materials failure by yielding, others by fracture A given material may fail by yielding or fracture strength depending on its properties and the state of stress Failure criterion for isotropic material is expressed as the principal normal stresses have reached a critical failure strength (?c ) f (?1