机械专业外文翻译分析.docVIP

Chapter 10 Balancing of Machinery 10.1 Purposes and Methods of Balancing 10.1.1 Purposes The centre of mass of some machine elements, e.g. cams, may not coincide with their rotating centres because of the asymmetry of the structure. Even for symmetrical machine elements, the centre of mass may still be eccentric because of uneven distribution of materials, errors in machining and also in casting and forging. Other errors may be caused by improper boring, by keys and by assembly. Shown in Fig.10-1 is a disk the mass centre of which is displaced by an eccentricity e from its rotating centre. When the disk runs at constant angular speed (, the centrifugal force F created by the mass m is directed radially outwards. Since the magnitude of the centrifugal force is proportional to the square of angular speed (, the magnitude of centrifugal force of high speed parts may reach quite high levels even for a small eccentricity e. For example, the weight W of a round plane cutter is W=500N and the rotating speed n=2000rpm. Although the eccentricity e is only 1mm, the centrifugal inertia force F created is F =me(2 =(W/g)e(2 =2238N, which is much larger than its weight. Furthermore, the direction of the centrifugal force exerted on the frame is time-varying, and it will therefore impart vibration to the frame. This vibration can adversely affect the structural integrity of the machine foundation. It also decreases the machining precision and efficiency, increases the stress in components, causes wear and subjects bearings to repeated loads which cause parts to fail prematurely by fatigue. If the rotating frequency of a part is near to its resonant frequency, the amplitudes of vibration may reach dangerous levels. Therefore, we should try to eliminate the unwanted centrifugal forces in machines, especially in high-speed machinery and precision machinery. However, some machines, e.g. vibrators, shock drillers etc. do work by vibration. 10.1.2 Methods The process of designing