自动化专业英语第三版资料.pptVIP

Continuity equation The continuity equation states that if the overall flow rate in a system is not changing with time (see Figure 2.3.2(a)), the flow rate in any part of the system is constant. From which we get the following equation: Q=VA Where Q=flow rate V=average velocity A=cross-sectional area of the pipe * 连续方程表明，如果一个系统内的总体流速不随时间变化，那么在系统任何地方的流速都是常数. 从这里我们可以得到以下的方程： The units on both sides of the equation must be compatible (可兼容的), i.e., English units or metric units. Example 1 What is the flow rate through a pipe 9 in diameter, if the average velocity is 5 fps? * If liquids are flowing in a tube with different cross section areas, i.e., A1 and A2, as is shown in Figure 2.3.2(b), the continuity equation gives Bernoulli equation The Bernoulli equation gives the relation between pressure, fluid velocity, and elevation in a flow system. The equation is accredited (公认的，广泛接受的) to Bernoulli (1738). When applied to Figure 2.3.3(a) the following is obtained: * 伯努利方程给出了流体系统中压强，流体速度和高度之间的关系. 这个方程公认为伯努利方程(1738). 当应用于图2.3.3(a)时，可以得到如下的方程： * Where pA and pB=absolute static pressures at points A and B, respectively γA and γB=specific weights VA and VB=average fluid velocities g=acc of gravity (重力加速度) ZA and ZB=elevations above a given reference level, i.e., ZA - ZB is the head of fluid (水头)(实际上是水位高度差). The units in Eq. (2.3.4) are consistent and reduce to units of length (feet in the English system and meter in the SI system of units) as follows: * This equation is a conservation of energy equation and assumes no loss of energy between points A and B. The first term represents energy stored due to pressure, the second term represents kinetic energy or energy due to motion, and the third term repesents potential energy or energy due to height. * 这个方程是能量守恒方程，并假设在A和B点之间没有能量损耗. 第一项代表基于压强所储存的能量，第二项代表动能或因为运动而具有的能量，第三项代表势能或由于高度而具有的能量. This energy relationship can be seen if each term is multiplied by mass per unit volume