国际经济法第章教材.ppt

* 第十二章　国民收入核算 对一个整体经济而言，收入等于支出因为某个买者的1美元支出正是某个卖者的1美元收入 循环流量图 宏观经济的一个简单描述 用支出，收益，要素支付和收入来说明GDP 预备知识： 生产要素：诸如劳动，土地，资本，自然资源等投入 要素支付：支付给生产要素的报酬（例如，工资，租金） * 循环流量图 家庭: 拥有生产要素，出售或出租它们给企业以换取收入 购买并消费物品与劳务 家庭 企业 企业: 购买或租赁生产要素，用它们来生产物品与劳务 出售物品与劳务 循环流量图 生产要素 市场 家庭 企业 收入 (=GDP) 工资、租金和利润 (=GDP) 生产投入 劳动、土地和资本 支出(=GDP) 物品和劳务的购买 物品和劳务的销售 收入 (=GDP) 物品与劳务 市场 * 国内生产总值（GDP） = A：工资 + 利息 + 租金 + 利润 （要素收入类） + B：企业对外转移支付和间接税 + C：资本折旧 收入法（成本流量法）：钱是如何挣来的 第十二章　国民收入核算 直接税：对财产和收入征税，纳税人就是负税人，如工资税； 间接税：对商品和劳务征税，税收可转嫁给消费者或要素提供者，如销售税、进口税、增值税，间接税可理解为政府的管理费用。 一国收入的衡量 ? 2009 South-Western, a part of Cengage Learning, all rights reserved C H A P T E R * This example is similar to that in the text, but using different goods and different numerical values. Suggestion: Ask your students to compute nominal GDP in each year before revealing the answers. Ask them to compute the rate of increase before revealing the answers. In this example, nominal GDP grows for two reasons: prices are rising, and the economy is producing a larger quantity of goods. Thinking of nominal GDP as total income, the increases in income will overstate the increases in society’s well-being because part of these increases are due to inflation. We need a way to take out the effects of inflation, to see how much people’s incomes are growing in purchasing power terms. That is the job of real GDP. * This example shows that real GDP in every year is constructed using the prices of the base year and that the base year doesn’t change. The growth rate of real GDP from one year to the next is the answer to this question: “How much would GDP (and hence everyone’s income) have grown if there had been zero inflation?” Thus, real GDP is corrected for inflation. * The table in the top half of this slide merely summarizes the answers from the previous two slides. This table will be used shortly to compute the growth rates in nominal and real GDP and to compute the GDP deflator and inflation rates. * T