财政学第六章重点介绍.ppt

Chapter 6 – Political Economy contents Political Economy definition Direct Democracy Representative Democracy Government Growth Political Economy Defined Political Economy is the application of economic principles to the analysis of political decision making. Self-interest – in the marketplace, this often leads to efficiency; different implications in “political market.” Maximization – one goal may be to maximize social welfare. Direct Democracy Several kinds of voting procedures: Unanimity rules Majority voting rules Logrolling Problems with all of these rules:Arrow’s Impossibility Theorem Direct Democracy: Unanimity rules Unanimity rules: All parties must agree for a policy to be implemented. Example: In principle, society could agree that a public good should be provided rather than not being provided. Lindahl prices designed to elicit unanimous agreement for provision of public good. Direct Democracy:Example of Lindahl’s Procedure Two individuals, Adam Eve Fireworks display (public good, denote as r) SA =Adam’s share of total cost of fireworks provision For any given share, SA, Adam demands some quantity of fireworks. Figure 6.1 Direct Democracy:Example of Lindahl’s Procedure Figure 6.1 shows the relationship between each person’s tax share and quantity of fireworks demanded. Each person demands more fireworks as the share of costs paid falls. Shares add up to one: SA+SE=1. Lindahl prices: Each person faces a “personalized price” per unit of the public good, which depends on the tax share. Direct Democracy:Example of Lindahl’s Procedure Equilibrium: set of Lindahl prices such that each person votes for the same quantity of the public good. In Figure 6.1, this occurs at quantity r*, and each person’s share is measured on the x-axis. Direct Democracy:Feasibility of Lindahl’s Procedure Could imagine an auctioneer announces initial set of tax schedules, then Adam and Eve vote on quantity of fireworks. If they agree on quantity, stop. Otherwise, continue p