Germlayerdifferntiation资料.ppt

 Chapter 7 Late embryonic development  1. The nervous system and the epidermis ① Primary neurulation (初级神经胚形成) Cells of the neural plate (NP) can be distinguished as elongated cells in the dorsal region of the ectoderm The cells surrounding the NP direct the NP cells to proliferate, invaginate（内陷）, and pinch off from the surface（离开表面）to form a hollow（中空的）tube. In general, the anterior portion of the NT is made by primary neurulation. The cells of the NP are characterized by expressing the Sox family of transcription factors (Sox1, 2, 3) that: Activate the genes that specify cells to be NP; Inhibit the formation of epidermis and neural crest by blocking the transcription and signalling of BMPs. (the important principle of development) Four stages of primary neurulation: Formation of the NP（cells elongated). The edges of NP thickens and move upward to form the NF（neural fold, 神经褶）. Bending of the NP to form the neural groove （神经沟）. The NFs migrate toward the midline, eventually fusing to form the NT. Human neural closure requires: Certain genes, such as: Pax3, sonic hedgehog, and openbrain, are essential for the formation of the mammalian neural tube. Dietary(饮食的) factors, such as cholesterol and folic acid（叶酸）, also appear to be critical. Neural tube defects: Failure to close site 2 in NT results in a lethal condition, anencephaly(无脑畸形). Failure to close the posterior neuropore（神经孔） around day 27 results in spina bifida. The failure of the entire NT to close is called craniorachischisis（ 颅脊柱裂）. ② Secondary neurulation（次级神经胚形成） The neural tube arises from the coalescence (结合处) of mesenchyme cells to form a solid cord that subsequently create a hollow (中空的） tube. The posterior portion of the NT is made by secondary neurulation. (2) Differentiation of the NT Anatomical（解剖的）level: the NT and its lumen bulge（凸出）and constrict（收缩） to form the chambers of the brain and the spinal cord（脊髓）. Tissue level: the cell populations within the tube wall form th