Chapter 3 From Morpheme to Phrase.pptVIP

6) Analogical creation 类推构词 Account for co-existence of regular and irregular form. work: wrought worked beseech: besought beseeched slay: slew slayed? go: went goed??? alcoholic workaholic * 7) Borrowing 借词 the taking over of words from other languages, one of the most common sources of new words. French: administration, parliament, public, revenue, tax; Latin: admit, client, conviction, custody保管, discuss, equal, index, infinite, intellect Greek: acme顶点, bathos虚伪的, catastrophe, cosmos, criterion Chinese: chop suey, chow, ginseng, gung-ho, ketchup (or catchup or catsup), kung fu, tea, tofu (via Japanese), typhoon * Borrowing loanwords Both form and meaning are borrowed with only a slight change loanblend Part of the form is native and the rest has been borrowed, but the meaning is fully borrowed loanshift The meaning is borrowed, but the form is native loan translation Each morpheme or word is translated in the equivalent one in another language Types of borrowing * Loanwords 借词: au pair, encore, coup d’etat, kungfu, sputnik Loanblend 混合借用： coconut: coco (Spanish) + nut (English) Chinatown: China (Chinese) + town (English) Loanshift 转移借词： bridge: meaning as a card game borrowed from Italian ponte Loan translation/ calque 翻译借词/仿造词 free verse Latin: verse libre black humor French: humour noir luna de miel(SP)honeymoon (E) Mishin (Japanese)machine Trening (Hungarian)training * Refers to change in sound leading to changes in form The most dramatic change are the vowels Great Vowel Shift (1350-1700) Middle English Modern English [mi:s] ? [ma?s] mice [mu:s] [ma?s] mouse [br??k] [br??k] broke 4.2 Phonological Change * Loss of sound: and ’n in connected speech, e.g. rock-’n-roll loss of the velar fricative : knight, knee, design loss of sound in fast speech, e.g. postscript, laboratory Addition of sound: English: rascal rapscallion (adding