现代语言学第八章 社会语言学.ppt

现代语言学;What is socio-linguistics? 什么是社会语言学？;什么是语言变异？;什么是言语变体？; 美式英语 英式英语 词汇的 轮胎 tire tyre 玉米 corn maize 小麦 wheat corn 发音的 ask ae ɑ: hot a:? ?? car 有卷舌 没卷舌 形态的 装饰n decor decoration 句法的 英式 Can’t?youdo?any?better?than?that? 美式 Is that?all?the?better?you?can?do？;什么是Regional variation 地域变异;什么是Social variation 社会变异;social dialect社会方言;Education varieties 教育变体;年龄变体 ;YOLO，美式英???新词，是You Only Live Once的首字母缩略词，意为你只能活一次，是坏孩子做坏事前的宣言。 Often 上了年纪的人喜欢使用”ice-box”,”wireless”等，而年轻人更喜欢使用”fridge”和”boombox”等。 ;性别变体(gender varieties) ;Register varieties 语域变体;A formal situation may condition决定，使……适应 a formal register, characterized by formal, standard lexical items词汇项 and grammatical rules, and speech patterns言语模式; while an informal setting may be reflected in a less formal register that exhibits陈列出 more causal vocabulary, nonstandard grammatical features, and stigmatized受责难的 speech patterns. 语域变体与交际场合、交际各方、交际主题等交际情景因素密切相关。 正式的交际场合往往需要正式的语域变体，而非正式场合往往要求较为随便的语域变体。正式的语域通常要求正式的词汇与句法结构,而非正式的语域其词汇和句法相对较为随便。 ;句子中： They chucked a stone at the cops, ad then did a bunk（铺位）逃跑 with the boot靴子. (informal) After casting a stone at the police, they absconded with the money携款潜逃. (formal) 短语中： 要求ask for (request ) 订约go down with (contract) 建立set up (establish) 处理deal with (handle) 发现find out (discover) 欺骗take in (deceive) ;Address terms 称谓语;. It is apparent that the way in which people address one another usually depends on their age, sex, social group, and personal relat