第二讲 政治模型：为思考公共政策提供帮助.ppt

Chapter 2: Models of Politics:Some Help in Thinking about Public Policy; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ;Figure 2-1 An Institutional Model: American FederalismGovernmental institutional arrangements affect public policy, including federalism—the distribution of money and power among federal, state, and local governments.;2.3 Process: Policy as Political Activity;2.3 过程模型：政策是政治活动;2.4 Rationalism: Policy as Maximum Social Gain理性主义：政策是社会效益的最大化;Figure 2-1 A Rational Model of a Decision SystemThe rational model assumes complete agreement on goals, knowledge of alternative policies, and the ability to calculate and select the policies with the greatest benefits and least costs.;2.4 Rationalism: Policy as Maximum Social Gain;2.5 Incrementalism: Policy as Variations on the Past渐进主义：政策是过去政策的补充和修正;2.5 Incrementalism: Policy as Variations on the Past渐进主义：政策是过去政策的补充和修正;2.5 Incrementalism: Policy as Variations on the Past渐进主义：政策是过去政策的补充和修正; ; ; ; ; ; ;Figure 2-4 The Group ModelThe group model assumes that public policy is a balance of interest group influence; policies change when particular interest groups gain or lose influence.; ; ; ; ; ;Figure 2-5 The Elite ModelThe elite model implies that public policy does not flow upward from demands by the people, but rather downward from the interests, values, and preferences of elite.; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ;Figure 2-6 Public Choice: A Vote-Maximizing Model of Party CompetitionPublic Choice theory assumes that individuals and organizations seek to maxmize their own benefits in politics; for example, parties and candidates whose policy views may be distinctly liberal or conservative move to the center at election time to win the most votes.; ; ;Figure 2-7 A Game-Theoretic Matrix for the Game of ChickenGame theory suggests that policymakers, or “pl