20154Cleavageandblastula要点.ppt

Chapter 4 Cleavage (卵裂) and blastula (囊胚) Isolecithal（均黄卵）：having sparse, equally spaced yolk Telolecithal（端黄卵）：having much yolk in vegetal pole Centrolecithal（中黄卵）： having much yolk in the center Watch 3 movies and think about: 1.What are the features of cleavage? 2.What are the differences of cleavage patterns in sea urchin, zebrafish and Drosophila? What could be the reasons? 1. Cleavage and blastomere cleavage : After fertilization, by a serious of rapid mitotic divisions, the egg is divided into numerous smaller cells. These small cleavage-stage cells are called blastomeres (卵裂球). C. The phenomenon of compaction Following the third cleavage, the mouse blastomeres suddenly huddle together（挤在一起） forming a compact ball of cells. Cell adhesion proteins, such as E cadherin become expressed. D. Marked asynchrony of early cell division Mammalian blastomeres do not all divide at the same time, so the embryos frequently contain odd numbers of cells. Cleavage pattern is determined by two major parameters: (1) The amount and the distribution of yolk protein within the cytoplasm (2) Factors that influence the angle of the mitotic spindle In general, yolk inhibits cleavage Isolecithal Mesolecithal Telolecithal Centrolecithal No G1 and G2 phases of the cell cycle. The cleavage occurs at a very rapid rate. So, the cell numbers are becoming more and more, whereas the cell size is becoming smaller and smaller. MPF: The cyclical appearance and degradation of cyclin B is a key factor in mitotic regulation. The regulators of cyclin B (thus of MPF) are stored in the egg cytoplasm. So the early divisions tend to be rapid and synchronous. 4. The cytoskeletal mechanisms of mitosis Cleavage: Karyokinesis（核分裂）: the mitotic division of the nucleus. Cytokinesis（胞质分裂）：the division of the cell. 5. The formation of new cell membrane Part from the expansion of old egg membrane. Part from the new synthesis. Biol Reprod. 2012 Translation of incenp During Oocyte Maturation Is Required for