被动时态.doc

一、被动语态概述 语态是动词的一种形式，用以说明主语与谓语动词之间的关系。 英语的语态共有两种：主动语态和被动语态。 主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。 被动语态是动词的一种特殊形式，一般说来，只有需要动作对象的及物动词才有被动语态。汉语往往用被、受、给等词来表示被动意义。 如： He opened the door.他打开了这扇门。（主动语态） The door was opened.这扇门被打开了。（被动语态） 二、被动语态的构成 被动语态由助动词be+及物动词的过去分词构成。被动语态的时态变化只改变be的形式，过去分词部分不变。疑问式和否定式的变化也如此。 1、被动语态的时态较常见的八种，现以动词clean为例列表说明： ? ? ? ? 2、被动语态的句式变化：以一般现在时和动词invite为例，列表说明被动语态的句式变化： ? ? ? 3、含有情态动词的被动语态 　情态动词的被动语态结构为：情态动词+be+过去分词；其时态及句型的变化仅由情态动词完成，be+过去分词部分不变。如： 　Tables?can be made?of stone.桌子可由石头制造。 　Tables?could be made?of stone at that time.?那时桌子可由石头制造。（一般过去时） 　Can?tables?be made?of stone??桌子能用石头制造吗？（疑问句） ? ? ? 三、主动语态变为被动语态 　转换图示： ? ? ? 1、主动语态变为被动语态的步骤： 　（1）将主动句的宾语变为主语： 　注意：如果主动句的宾语是代词，需将其由宾格变为主格。如： 　?Tom killed?him.?→?He?was killed by Tom. I hit him.(主)?→?He was hit by me. (被) 　（2）将动词改为be+过去分词。 　注意：? 　They held a meeting yesterday.?→?A meeting was held by them yesterday. 　他们昨天开会了。 　（3）将主动句的主语改为by的宾语，放在谓语动词后。 　注意：如果原主语是代词，则应由主格变为宾格。 　He?sang a song.?→?A song was sung byhim. ? ? 2、主动语态变为被动语态的注意事项： 　?含有双宾语，即直接宾语（常指事物）和间接宾语（常指人）的句子，每个宾语都可变为被动语态的主语，即其被动语态有两种形式。但多以间接宾语作主语。 Jack told us the truth.杰克告诉了我们真相。 We were told the truth by Jack. ? Jack told the truth to us. The truth was told to us by Jack. ? Tom gave me a pen.(主) I was given a pen by Tom.(被) ? Tom gave a pen to me.?（主） A pen was given to me by Tom.(被) ? write, make, bring等的被动语态则只能以直接宾语（表物）作主语。 You brought me a big cake. (主) A big cake was brought to me by you. (被) ? She wrote me a letter.(主) A letter was written to me by her.(被) ? ? 四．注意事项： 1.?主动语态变为被动语态，句子的时态保持不变。 I will give him a pen.(主) He will be given a pen by?me.(被) 我将给他一支笔。 ? 2.?在感官动词或使役动词后作补语的动词，在被动语态中用不定式。 1）I heard you talk with Peter. (主) 我听到你和彼得谈话。 You were heard?to talk?with Peter. (被) 2）I saw her come out of the classroom.(主) 我看见她出了教室。 She was seen?to come?out of the classroom by?me.(被) 3）make/let sb do sth ???Sb be made/let?to do?sth ? 3.?主动语态中如用people, somebody等作主语，被动语态中可省略宾语。 People eat watermelons in the summer.(主) Watermelons are eaten in