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ManyhumantraitsfollowsimpleMendelianlaws许多人的特征，遵循简单的孟德尔定律
Ch. 15 Gene regulation in bacteria We now understand how genes make proteins, a major step in understanding life. But, there must be a regulation of the process. Why? For multicellular creatures: Does every cell in your body contain IDENTICAL DNA? Yes! Because you were made by mitosis from one original zygotic cell. So why are you not just one big ball of identical cells? If you were to isolate mRNAs from different body tissues, you would find different ones! So... This means that different genes are turned on or off in different cells, which explains how they come to be different. But even for unicellular cells including bacteria, there must be regulation, so the cell can adapt to a changing environment. A perfect example of this involves the best understood example of gene regulation there is: the lactose (lac) operon of E. coli. The lac operon In bacteria, genes that function in common pathways are usually clustered together and co-ordinately regulated in a configuration called an operon. The lac operon consists of three structural genes: lacZ, which codes for beta-galactosidase lacY, which codes for lactose permease And lacA, which codes for transacetylase All of these genes play a role in the cells ability to metabolize lactose, and use it as a carbon and energy source. It is easy to experimentally demonstrate two facts: These gene products are not produced in the absence of lactose E. coli cells prefer glucose to lactose as a carbon source; even if lactose is present, the gene products will not be made if glucose is also present. When glucose is absent and lactose is present, the lac operon genes are turned on. After all, this makes sense; why go to all the trouble of making proteins that are not going to be used - only make them when they can be used. So how does E. coli turn the genes on and off at the right time? The structural organization of the lac operon The three structural genes share a common promoter; another gene, I, codes for a repressor prot
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