tunnels.pptVIP

TUNNELS function 铁道隧道 railway tunnel 公路隧道 highway tunnel 地铁隧道 subway tunnel;underground railway tunnel;metro tunnel 人行隧道 pedestrian tunnel 输水隧道 hydraulic tunnel Cross-section 拱形隧道 horse-shoe tunnel;arch tunnel 圆形隧道 circular tunnel 矩形隧道 rectangular section tunnel Portal洞门 TUNNEL DESCRIPTION Made into natural material (rocks) Empty inside Carry the loads itself Both ends are open to atmosphere Generally horizontal Thick walled structure looks like cylinder(lining) SUBSURFACE EXCAVATIONS GEOLOGY Soil profile or hard rock geology Structure Ground water (hydrogeology) Stability  INVESTIGATIONS Mapping (Topographic, geologic, etc...) Geophysical surveying (especially seismic velocity of rocks) Trial pits boreholes General and local stability analysis Decide to excavation method TUNNELLING METHODS 钻爆法 drilling and blasting method 新奥法 new Austrian Tunnelling Method 盾构法 shield driving method;shield method 顶进法 pipe jacking method;jack-in method 浅埋暗挖法 sallow buried-tunnelling method 明挖法 cut and cover tunneling;opencut method 冻结法 freezing method 沉埋法 immersed tube method 管棚法 pipe-shed method TBM (Tunnel Boring Machine) Mechanical-support TBM Compressed-air TBM Slurry shield TBM Earth pressure balance machine Mixed-face shield TBM EFFECT of GEOLOGICAL STRUCTURES to TUNNEL EXCAVATION Effect of soil layers: horizontal, vertical and inclined layers have different kinds of loading conditions for tunnels.  Effect of faults: the relation between the fault slope direction and the tunnel direction, width of the fault zone, type and thickness of the fill material and the hydrostatic pressures in both sides of the fault are some problems in the tunnelling.  Tunnel excavations in the slopes: the discontinuities (layers, fissures) inclined inside or outside of the slope are very important regarding the stress and strength of the tunnel.  Effect of the folds: While tunnel is excavated in an area that contains folded rocks, different stresses and conditions