上海五校2011届合作自主选拔通用基础测试英语试题.docVIP

上海五校 2011届合作自主选拔通用基础测试 英 语 试 题 注意事项： 1．答卷前，考生务必将自己的姓名、准考证号填写在答题卡上。 2．将答案写在答题卡上，写在本试卷上无效。 3．考试结束后，将本试卷和答题卡一并交回。 Section I Reading Part A Read the following text．Choose the best word or phrase for each numbered blank．(30 points) Learning theorists emphasize the role of environmental influences in shaping the way a person develops．__1__ their view, child development is guided by both deliberate and __2__ learning experiences in the home, peer group, school, and community．Therefore, childhood growth is significantly __3__ by the efforts of parents, teachers, and others to __4__ children in desirable ways．According to learning theories, the same __5__ that explain how people can use a bicycle or computer also explain how children acquire social skills, emotional self-control, reasoning strategies, and the __6__ skills of walking and running． One kind of learning occurs when a child’s actions are __7__ by a reward or punishment．A reward increases the probability that behavior will be repeated．For example, a young child may __8__ draw pictures because she receives praise from her parents after __9__ each one．A punishment decreases the probability that behavior will be repeated．For example, a child who touches a hot stove and burns his fingertips is not __10__ to touch the stove again． __11__ kind of learning, classical conditioning, occurs when a person makes a __12__ association between two events．For example, babies begin sucking when they are put in a familiar nursing __13__, children fear dogs whose barking has startled them in the past．A third kind of learning __14__ of imitating the behavior of others．A boy may acquire his father’s __15__ of talking, his mother’s tendency to roll her eyes, and his favorite basketball player’s moves __16__ the court．In doing so, he also acquires __17__ about the consequences of these behaviors． Learning theories provide extremely useful ways of understanding how developmental changes in behavior and thinking __18__ and, for