chapter- 7 Heat transfer.pptVIP

Chapter 7 Heat transfer Heat transfer Heat transfer is the movement of energy from one point to another by virtue of a difference in temperature. Heat transfer Conduction: Heat will be transferred between adjacent molecules. Convection: Heat is transferred when molecules move from one point to another and exchanges energy with another molecule in the other location. Radiation: the phenomenon of heat transfer by electromagnetic waves. Heat transfer by conduction Fourier’s First Law of Heat Transfer q is the rate of heat flow, A is the area through which heat is transferred. The expression q/A, the rate of heat transfer per unit areas, is called the heat flux. The derivative dT/dx is the temperature gradient. K is thermal conductivity. Estimation of thermal conductivity of food products Choi and Okos (1987) K is calculated from the thermal conductivity of the pure component ki and the volume fraction of each component, Xvi: Heat transfer by conduction Heat transfer though a slab Example 7.4. A cylindrical sample of beef 5 cm thick and 3.75 cm in diameter is positioned between two 5-cm-thick acrylic cylinders of exactly the same diameter as the meat sample. The assembly is positioned inside an insulated container such that the bottom of the lower acrylic cylinder contacts a heated surface maintained at 50?C, and the top of the upper cylinder contacts a cool plate maintained at 0?C. Two thermocouples each are embedded in the acrylic cylinders, positioned 0.5 cm and 1.5 cm from the sample-acrylic interface. If the acrylic has a thermal conductivity of 1.5 W/(m · K), and the temperatures recorded at steady state are, respectively, 45? C, 43? C, 15?C, and 13?C, calculate the thermal conductivity of the meat sample. Conduction heat transfer through walls of a cylinder If the wall of the cylinder consists of layers having different thermal conductivities.T1 and T2 must transect a layer bounded by r1 and r2, which has a uniform thermal conductivity k1. Similarly, the l