Boiler CirculationWater Treatment.docVIP

Boiler Circulation＆Water Treatment An adequate flow of water and water-steam mixture is necessary for steam generation and control of tube metal temperatures in all the circuits of a steam-generating unit. At supercritical pressures, this flow is produced mechanically by means of pumps. At subcritical pressures, circulation is produced either naturally by the action of the force of gravity, by pumps, or by a combination of the two. 为了产生蒸汽和控制蒸汽发生设备中所有回路的管壁温度，需要充足的水和汽水混合物。在超临界压力中，流量是利用水泵机械地产生。在低于临界压力时，水循环或者由重力作用自然地产生，或者由水泵来产生，或者既利用重力作用又利用水泵来产生 The force of gravity available to produce flow in natural circulation comes from the difference between the densities of the fluids in the downcomer (downflow) and riser (upflow) portions of the circuit (Fig-1). Maximum pumping effect occurs if the fluid in the downcomers is water at or slightly below saturation temperature and free of steam bubbles. Heat-absorbing rises at saturation temperature convey to the boiler drum a water-steam mixture of less density than that of the water in the downcomers. This difference in density establishes the force available for circulation. 在自然循环中，可用产生流量地重力，即来自回路的下降管（下流）中的流体密度与上升管（上流）中的流体密度之差（图—1）。如果下降管中的流体是饱和温度的水，或是温度稍低于饱和温度的水，并且水中不含有气泡时，则有最大的泵水效果。在饱和温度下，吸收热量的上升管将密度比下降管中的水密度小的汽水混合物送到汽包中去。这个密度之差便产生了水循环可以利用的力。- The flow in the various circuits of boiler units designed for forced circulation at subcritical pressures, is produced by mechanical pumps. There are two general types of forced-circulation systems, a “once-through ” system and a “recirculating” system. 为了在亚临界压力下进行强迫循环而设计的锅炉设备，其各个回路的流量都是用机械泵产生的，强迫循环系统有两种普遍采用的形式，直流系统和再循环系统。 The “once-through” force-circulation type receives water from the feed supply, pumping it to the inlet of the heat-absorbing circuits. Fluid heating and steam generation take place along the length of the circuit until evaporation is complete. Further progress through the heated circuits results in superheating the vapor. Conventionally this type of force circulation r