周焕钱16-17-A08.doc

CHAPTER 1 The Crystal Structure of Solids a b Figure 1.19 | Representation of hydrogen valence electrons Figure 1.20 | Two-dimensional representation of and b covalent bonding in a a silicon valence electrons and b covalent bonding hydrogen molecule. In the silicon crystal. Tetrahedral configuration, as was shown in Figure 1.15. , the two-dimensional representation will be useful in much of the discussion of semiconductor behavior. A significant difference between the covalent bonding of hydrogen and of silicon is that, when the hydrogen molecule is formed, it has no additional electrons to form additional covalent bonds, while the outer silicon atoms always have valence electrons available for additional covalent bonding. The silicon array may then be formed into an infinite crystal, with each silicon atom having four nearest neighbors and eight shared electrons. The four nearest neighbors in silicon forming the covalent bond correspond to the tetrahedral structure and the diamond lattice, which were shown in Figures 1.15 and 1.14, respectively. Atomic bonding crystal structure are obviously directly related. The third major atomic bonding scheme is referred to as metallic bonding. Group I elements have one valence electron. If two sodium atoms Z 11 , for example, are brought into close proximity, the valence electrons interact in a way similar to that in covalent bonding. When a third sodium atom is brought into close proximity with the first two, the valence electrons can also interact and continue to form a bond. Solid sodium has a body-centered cubic structure, so each atom has eight nearest neighbors with each atom sharing many valence electrons. We can think of the positive metallic ions as being surrounded by a sea of negative electrons, the solid being held together by the electrostatic forces. This description gives qualitative picture of the metallic bond. Metallic bonding A fourth type of atomic bond, called the Van der Waals bond, is the weakest