Chemistry Unit 3 - Heterogeneous.pptVIP

* Homogeneous Systems have only ONE phase  Mass is not exchanged with solid or gas phases Heterogeneous Systems – more than one phase Gas-liquid equilibrium  volatilization and dissolution  Solid-liquid equilibrium dissolution, precipitation, and adsorption Chemistry Unit 3: Heterogeneous Equilibria Same Solution Techniques! Equilibria, charge balance, mass balance (if needed) n unknowns, n equations Reading: pp. 44-51 (ignore ionic strength discussion), 54-56, 69-75 * Solid-Liquid Equilibria: Solubility Product AaBb(s) aAb+ + bBa- K = By convention: [AaBb(s)] = 1 Solubility Product = Ks = [Ab+]a[Ba-]b Some engineering applications: 1. Hardness removal 2. Heavy metal removal 3. Phosphate (P) removal 4. SOx control (make CaSO4(s)) A major environmental significance is in the buffering of natural waters with carbonate minerals (i.e., CaCO3) * Practice with Solubility Product Calculations A sample of well water take from a limestone aquifer contains 100 mg/L of Ca2+ and 10 mg/L of CO32-. Is CaCO3(s) precipitating, dissolving, or in equilibrium with this groundwater? The pKs for CaCO3(s) = 8.34 Phosphorus (phosphate) is sometimes removed from wastewaters by precipitation as Ca3(PO4)2(s). If the desired concentration of dissolved PO43- is 1 mg P/L, what is the required concentration of Ca2+? The pKs for Ca3 (PO4)2(s) = 27. * Gas-Liquid Equilibria: Henry’s Constant PV = nRT Pgas = KHCaq KH known as Henry’s coefficient (eq. 2-48) Example: KH = {CO2}g / {CO2}aq = PCO2 / [CO2(aq)] Example A 10 L water sample is equilibrated with a gas mixture containing carbon dioxide at a partial pressure of 0.3 atm. How many grams of CO2 will be dissolved in the water? Assume KH = 31.6 L-atm/mol at 25oC. * Atmospheric CO2 Critical for Acid-Base Chemistry of Natural Waters! What is the pH of deionized water (only H+, OH-, H2O)? Now, calculate the pH of the deionized water (only H, O