論何謂理想公民從理論的辯證到課程改革之-南师大道德教育研究所.pptVIP

論何謂理想公民？─從理論的辯證到課程改革之比較分析 王俊斌(Wang, Chun-Ping) 暨南國際大學師資培育中心助理教授 (Assistant Professor Center for Teacher Education, National Chi-Nan University ) What is an ideal citizen? From theoretical dialectic to international comparative analyses of civic curriculum reforms Confronting with the rapidly changes and impacts on economical, political , and cultural globalizing developments, many countries attempt to construct “the picture of an ideal citizen” through their national curriculum reforms ,which can teach people to ensure their own needs or may facilitate its competitions among nations. Under these problematic contexts. there are three different inquiring dimensions in this article: first of all, taking the theoretical dialectics of civic education viewpoints , the paper makes a clear distinction between “rights a priori” of citizenship discourses (e.g. traditional liberalism, post-liberalism, or pluralism ) and “obligations based” (e.g. traditional republicanism or communitarianism) ; secondly, through comparing different nations’ civic curriculum reforms, we can ascertain democratic and Confucian societies those are not only revealing dissimilar core value-systems but also constituting (or formatting) their own “ideal citizen ”specially ; finally , based on those comparative results for the question of “what is an ideal citizen?”, the author illustrates a wholly understanding and a deliberating educational praxes for his answer. 為了避免統治眾人的權利落入能力愚拙者之手，一個具有優秀治理能力的人，他不得不出來為公眾服務，沒有什麼個人願不願意的問題，而是他非出來不可──這不是為了獲得好處或特權，而是沒有一個比自己更好且足堪委以重任的人。因此，假如一個城邦完全由好人組成，那麼大家爭相迴避為公共服務的情形，或許就會像今日大家爭著當官一樣地。若是如此，其理據是再清楚不過的，亦即一個真正的統治者，他根本不會關切自己的權益，而係完全以眾人的福祉的考量。可想而知，從別人那裡輕鬆地獲得好處，這自然會比自己徒忙一場卻是為了他人，這應該來得更容易些。 （Plato, 347c-d） 個體的權利乃是一種與生俱來且不可任意剝奪的「自然權利」(natural rights)──這些權利則是包括了個人生命（life）、自由（liberty）、健康（health）、財富（possessions）等等。顯然，身處自然狀態下，這不但意謂個體處於一種「完備無缺的自然狀態」，並且在這樣的狀態中，沒有任何個人會比其他人具有更多的權力。亦即，當人們透過個人自然權利的論證，它不但成為一種政治革新的動力；同時，它也從思想上確立了個體價值（individualistic values）與自由