01章机械性质(英).pptVIP

A typical tensile-test machine equipped with a quartzose extensometer A typical specimen for the tensile test A typical specimen for the tensile test A typical specimen for the tensile test Low carbon steel in tension * Mechanical Properties of Materials 材料拉伸和压缩时的机械性能 材料试验机与试样 （Machine and specimen for material test） 工程材料压缩 （Engineering materials in compression） 低碳钢拉伸（Low carbon steel in tension） 其他材料拉伸 （Other materials in tension） Ordinarily, the only way to determine how materials behave when they are subjecting to loads is to perform experiments in the laboratories. The usual procedure is to place small specimens of the material in a testing machine, apply the loads, and then measure the resulting deformation. Motivation and usual procedure A device attached by two arms to the specimen is an extensometer used to measure the elongation between two marks. Two grips A standard tensile test specimen d L0 is defined as a distance between two gage marks, which are the points where the extensometer arms attached to the specimen. Gage length L0 d L0 A ASTM(American Society for Testing and Materials) standard tension specimen has a diameter of 0.505 inch (about 12.8mm) and a gage length of 2.0 inch (about 50.8mm) d L0 In China, according to the National Specification Long gage length: L0=10d Short gage length: L0=5d the load is applied slowly and the loading rate is not of interest because it does not affect the behavior of the specimen. the load is applied rapidly and sometimes in a cyclical manner. Since the nature of a dynamic load affects the proprieties of the materials, the rate of loading must also be measured. Influence of the loading rate In a static test (or quasi-static test), In a dynamic test, Vertical axis:nominal stress σ = Axial load P ____________ Initial cross-sectional area A0 Horizontal axis:nominal strain ε= Measured elon