无机化学讲课.ppt

INORGANIC REACTIONS AND SYNTHESIS 1.Direct combination and decomposition reaction a.The simplest type of reaction is the direct combination of two elements to form a binary compound , A+B AB . For example b.The desired compound AB must be thermodynamically favourable .There may also be kinetic problems , and the above synthesis of LiH requires a temperature of 600 ℃ to overcome the activation energy associated with breaking the H-H bond . In some cases it need catalyst . The scope of direct combinatin reactions is greatly extended if one or more of the species A and B is a polyatomic group rather than an element . The reverse of combination is decomposition,AB A + B . For example , 2. Exchange and metathesis reactions a.The simplest type of exchange reaction may be written AB+C AC+B. In this case the direct combination of iron an chlorine gives FeCl3, illustrating that exchange reactions may give a different product compared with direct combination. The more complex exchange process AB+CD AD+CB is descibed as substitution or metathesis. Which is used to make PF3 as direct combination of P with fluorine gives PF5 Metathesis reactions are common in the preparation of organic derivatives of elements . They are valuable for making compounds that are not thermodynamically stable with respect to their constituents , and which cannot be made by direct reaction . 3. The use of sovlents The most obvious function of a solvent is to facilitate the mixing of solid substances . Non-polar solvents such as hexane and toluene are often used for reactions involving organic an organoelement compounds . More polar substances generally require more polar solvents . Water is useful for reactions involving ionic substance