第七章 个体知觉.ppt

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第七章 个体知觉

第七章 个体知觉: 形成对他人的印象 Person Perception: Forming Impressions of Others Outlines: What Information Do We Use?(我们用什么样的信息) Integrating Impressions(印象的整合) Motivated Person Perception(由动机驱动的个体知觉) Attribution Theory(归因理论) Accuracy of Judgments(判断的准确性) Nonverbal Communication(非语言的沟通) Person Perception:(个体知觉) People use whatever information is available to form their impressions of others---to make judgments about their personalities or from hypothesis about the kinds of persons they are.(人们应用他们所能得到的所有信息形成对他人的印象,也就是去判断他们的人格或是形成他们是什么一类人的假说) Six General Principles(六个普遍的原则) Minimal information(少量信息) Salience(显著特征) Context(行为的背景) Categorization(分类) enduring cognitive structures(稳定的认知结构) needs and goals(需要和目标) What Information Do We Use?(我们用什么样的信息) People often decide very quickly what others are like based on minimal information.(人们经常基于很少的信息来迅速判断一个人的特质) What Information Do We Use? Roles(角色) People tend to think of others within a role context first and only then according to personality traits(人们倾向于在他人的角色背景下考虑与之相对应的特质) What Information Do We Use? Physical Cues(物理线索) Appearance and behavior are key determinants of our first impressions What Information Do We Use? Salience(显著性) People pay attention to the figure(主题) rather than to the ground (背景)or setting The most salient cues are used most heavily Brightness, noisiness, motion, and novelty(明亮、吵闹、运动、新奇) What Information Do We Use? Effects of Salience Draws attention(吸引注意) Influences perceptions of causality(影响我们对因果关系的知觉) Produces evaluatively extreme judgments(产生极端的评价) Produce more consistency of judgment(产生更加前后一致性的判断) What Information Do We Use? We move very quickly from observable information (appearance behavior) to personality trait inferences (我们会很快从一些可以观察到的信息如外表和行为推论出一个人的人格特质) Traits are more economical to remember(特质记忆起来更为节省) Trait inferences occur automatically(这种特质推论经常自动发生) We use implicit personality theories to infer traits from other traits(我们用内隐人格理论来从一个特质推论到另一些特质) What Information Do We Use? Which Traits(哪方面的特质)? We

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