Supramol. chem-3.pptx

3.4.4 Rotaxanes and catenanes as molecular devices Molecular shuttles Molecular muscle Redox–switch Pivoting3.4.5 Borromeates (波羅米昂三環)3.4.6 Knots （分子结） Metal-templated knots Hydrogen bonded knots3.5 Self-assembling capsules3.5.1 Molecular containers Metal-directed capsules Anion-directed capsules3.5.3 Hydrogen bonded capsules More than one species One species One molecule5. Nanochemistry5.1 Introduction This chapter introduces nanometre-scale (nanoscale) synthesis and nanometre-scale materials, functional devices, switches and sensor arrays. These chemical topics form the discipline of nanoche-mistry, a sub-field closely related to nanotechnology. Here,we give a brief introduction to nanochemistry from the view of the supramo-lecular chemist interested in synthesising and studying chemical aggregates on the nanoscale with the potential for the development of nanotechnological devices.5.1.1 What is nanotechnology? Nanotechnology is the science of nanotechnological devices, developed from nanomaterials–materials that have spatial dimensions ranging between about 0.1 to 500 nm. Traditionally, nanotechnological devices have been prepared by the break-down of materials using techniques developed by solid state physicists. For example, a large block of silicon wafer can be reduced to smaller components by cutting, etching and slicing (削）down to a desired size or shape. This is known as the top-down approach. Alternatively, the synthesis of nanostructures and nanomaterials through the utilisation of supramolecular and biomimetic materials is known as the bottom-up approach and forms the foundations of nanochemistry. Nanomaterials synthesised from the bottom-up method have novel physico-chemical proprieties that differ from the bulk material and can engender the emergence of novel characteristics. Scheme of top–down and bottom–up nanofabrication.Synthetic Metals 146 (2004) 283–286Moore predicted that for every 18 months the complexity of an integrated circuit (gene