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上海电机学院 毕业设计（论文）文献翻译 课题名称 ____关于机电产品出口中的 技术壁垒成因分析及对策 学 院 专 业 班 级 学 号 姓 名 指导教师 唐毓卿 定稿日期： 2009年 12 月 20 日  Quantifying the Trade Effects of Technical Barriers to Trade: Evidence from China 1. Introduction Technical barriers to trade（TBT）are now widespread and have increasing impacts on international trade. The spread of TBT may have some special reasons. First, it’s legitimate. The WTO members are authorized by WTO TBT/SPS Agreement to take such measures in order to protect human health, as well as animal and plant health, provided that the enforced measures are not disguised protectionism. Second, as Baldwin (1970) emphasized, “The lowering of tariffs has, in effect, been like draining a swamp. The lower water level has revealed all the snags and stumps of non-tariff barriers that still have to be cleared away”. Wallner (1998) considered this phenomenon as a “law of constant protection”, referring to perfect substitutability between tariff and none-tariff barriers in maintaining a degree of desired domestic protection. Third, with the trade liberalization process, the remaining barriers, like TBT have a more important but not a less important impact due to the “globalization magnification effect”, seemingly minor differences in technical norms can have an outsized effect on production and trade (Baldwin 2000). Fourth, the increasing income of importing country and consumer preference may result in a higher demand for product quality, safety and environment protection. Since the proliferation of TBT and its increasing trade-restrictive impacts, OECD (2001) drew attention to TBT and suggested more empirical research on it, because the quantitative analysis is an important step in the regulatory reform process and can help inform governments to define more efficient regulations. H