chapter 2 phonology 1.pptVIP

low-carbon life 低碳生活 所谓“低碳生活”，就是把生活作息时间所耗用的能量要尽量减少，从而减低二氧化碳的排放量。 panic buying 抢购：即恐慌性购买。 Nobody can go back and start a new beginning, but anyone can start today and make a new ending. Chapter 2 Speech sounds Language is primarily vocal. The primary medium of human language is sound. Linguists are not interested in all sounds, but in speech sounds — sounds that convey meaning in human communication. Guiding questions 1. What is phonetics? 2. What does IPA stand for? 3. What’s the difference between consonants and vowels? 4. How are the English consonants classified? What criteria are used to classify vowels? The study of Speech sounds Phonetics语音学 Phonology音系学 What is phonetics? A branch of linguistics which studies how speech sounds are produced, transmitted and perceived. e.g. [p] bilabial, stop. 3 branches of phonetics Articulatory /ɑ:‘tikjul?t?ri/ phonetics (发音语音学) — how speakers use their speech organs to produce speech sounds. from the speaker’ s point of view. 3 branches of phonetics Acoustic /?‘ku:stik/ phonetics声学语音学—from the physical way by which sounds are transmitted from one to another (sound waves, voiceprints). Auditory /‘?:dit?ri/ phonetics听觉语音学—how sounds are perceived by the hearer. 2. Speech/vocal organs(发音器官) definition: parts of human body involved in the production of speech. The lungs The trachea [tr?ki:?]/windpipe气管 The throat The nose The mouth 3 cavities of the vocal tract(声道) Pharyngeal [f?rind?i:?l ] cavity(咽腔) Oral cavity(口腔) Nasal cavity(鼻腔) Speech/vocal organs(发音器官) Pharyngeal cavity(咽腔) — 11— the throat, (air) the lungs—windpipe—glottis(声门)— vocal cords(声带) Nasal cavity —12 The oral cavity Lips Teeth Teeth ridge (齿龈) Hard palate [p?lit] (硬腭) Soft palate (velum [vi?l?m] ) Uvula [‘ju:vjul?]小舌 Tip of tongue Blade of tongue Back of tongue The vocal folds/cords(声带) Apart: voiceless sounds Close: voiced sounds Totally closed: glottal stop [?] 声门塞音 3. IPA This is made by an organization— International Phonetic Associa