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Chapter Six Demand 需求 需求函数的性质 Comparative statics analysis （比较静态分析）of ordinary demand functions -- the study of how ordinary demands x1*(p1,p2,y) and x2*(p1,p2,y) change as prices p1, p2 and income y change. Structure Own-price changes Price offer curve （价格提供曲线） Ordinary demand curve（一般需求曲线） Inverse demand curve （反需求函数） Income changes Income offer curve （收入提供曲线） Engel curve （恩格尔曲线） Cross-price effects（交叉价格效应） Own-Price Changes How does x1*(p1,p2,y) change as p1 changes, holding p2 and y constant? Suppose only p1 increases, from p1’ to p1’’ and then to p1’’’. Own-Price Changes Own-Price Changes Own-Price Changes 价格提供线p1- price offer curve. 代表了当商品2的价格和收入Y保持不变时，商品1在不同价格水平上使消费者效用最大化的消费束。 Own-Price Changes What does a p1 price-offer curve look like for Cobb-Douglas preferences? Own-Price Changes Own-Price Changes What does a p1 price-offer curve look like for a perfect-complements （完全互补）utility function? Own-Price Changes(假设两个商品的比例是1：1) Own-Price Changes What does a p1 price-offer curve look like for a perfect-substitutes（完全替代） utility function? Own-Price Changes Own-Price Changes——inverse demand function （反需求函数） 我们通常问：已知商品1的价格，对商品1的需求量是多少? 我们也可以问相反的问题：已知商品1的需求量，商品1的价格是多少？ Own-Price Changes Own-Price Changes Taking quantity demanded as given and then asking what must be price describes the inverse demand function （反需求函数）of a commodity. Own-Price Changes Own-Price Changes Meaning of the Inverse Demand Function（反需求函数的意义） At optimal choice 假设把商品2视为花在其他商品上的货币, 并假设 p2=1 ，那么 p1=MRS. This is the marginal willingness to pay. 在x1的每个数量上，反函数代表的是消费者为了得到多一些的商品1而愿意放弃的货币，是一种边际支付意愿。 Income Changes How does the value of x1*(p1,p2,y) change as y changes, holding both p1 and p2 constant? Income Changes A plot of quantity demanded against income is called an Engel curve（恩格尔曲线：需求量和收入之间的关系）. Income Changes and Cobb-Douglas Preferences An example of computing the equations of Engel curves; the Cobb-Douglas case. The ordinary demand equations are Income Changes and Cobb-Douglas Prefe